Mozi，名翟，中国战国时期著名的思想家、教育家、科学家、军事家， 墨家学派的创始人。 Mozi, whose given name was Zhai, was the famous thinker, educator, scientist, strategist in the Warring States Time as well as the founder of Mohist School. 墨子是中国历史上唯一一个农民出身的哲学家，创立了墨家学说，并与儒家并称“显学”，在百家争鸣的当时，有“非儒即墨”之称，与儒家共为百家之首。墨子以兼爱为核心，以节用、尚贤为支点，提出“兼爱”、“非攻”、“尚贤”、“尚同”、“天志”、“明鬼”、“非命”、“非乐”、“节葬”、“节用”等观点。墨子还创立了以几何学、物理学、光学为突出成就的一整套科学理论。

Mozi is the only one philosopher born of farmer in the history of China, established the Mohism, which was called as Famous Theories with the Confucianism; when all schools of thoughts contend for attention, there was a saying goes 'either Confucianism or Mohism'. Mozi promoted the universal love as the core with frugality and talent ideology, and proposed the ideas, such as 'universal love', 'non-offence', 'talent ideology', 'harmony ideology', 'heaven's will', 'knowing ghosts', 'no subjection to destiny', 'non-entertainment', 'simple burials' and 'frugality'. Mozi also created a set of scientific theory with the geometry, physics and optics.

墨家的最高领袖称为“矩子”（巨子），墨家的成员都称为“墨者”。

The supreme leader of Mohism was known as 'Juzi' (giant), and the members of Mohism were referred to as 'Mohists'.

一、主要思想：

1. Main ideas

1、兼爱非攻

1. Universal love and non-offence

墨子认为兼爱，包含平等与博爱的意思。墨子要求君臣、父子、兄弟都要在平等的基础上相互友爱，要求“饥者得食，寒者得衣，劳者得息”。“爱人若爱其身”，并认为社会上出现强执弱、富侮贫、贵傲贱的现象，是因天下人不相爱所致。他反对战争，要求和平。

Mozi thought the universal love contained the meaning of equality and philanthropism. Mozi demanded the emperors and subjects, fathers and sons, brothers to love each other on the basis of equality, required 'the hungry can eat, the cold can wear clothes, and the worker can rest'. 'People should love other as themselves', and he argued that the phenomenons of weak enforcement, the rich screwed the poor and the noble despised the low were caused by no love in the world. He opposed the war for peace.

2、尚同尚贤

2. Harmony ideology and talent ideology

尚同是要求百姓与天子皆上同于天志，上下一心，实行义政。尚贤则包括选举贤者为官吏，选举贤者为天子国君。墨子认为，国君必须选举国中贤者，而百姓理应在公共行政上对国君有所服从。墨子要求上面了解下情，因为只有这样才能赏善罚暴。墨子要求君上能尚贤使能，提出“官无常贵，民无终贱”的主张。

The Harmony ideology demanded the people and the emperor had the same will as the heaven, untie as one, and 'Yi' political ideology should be implemented. The Harmony ideology demanded to select the talent as officials, as the emperor. Mozi argued that the emperor must be the sage, and the people should obey the emperor in the public administration. Mozi demanded the top to understand the bottom, because only in this way could reward the good and punish the bad. Mozi demanded the emperor to advocate the sage and talent, and put forward that 'the official cannot be noble forever, and people cannot be humble forever'.

3、节用节葬

3. Frugality and simple burials

墨家抨击君主、贵族的奢侈浪费，尤其反对儒家看重的久丧厚葬之俗，认为久丧厚葬无益于社会。认为君主、贵族都应象古代三代圣王一样，过着清廉俭朴的生活。墨子要求墨者在这方面也能身体力行。

Mohism criticized the extravagant and wasteful monarchy and aristocracy, especially opposed to the elaborate funeral proposed by the Confucianism, and thought it was not conducive to the society. It held that the monarchy and aristocracy should lead a thrifty and simple life like the ancient three Saints and Emperors. Mozi required the Mohists to do so in this respect.

4、非命

4. No subjection to destiny

墨子认为认得寿夭、贫富和天下的安危，治乱都不是由“命”决定的，只要通过人的积极努力，就可以达到富、贵、安、治的目标。墨子反对儒家所说的“生死有命，富贵在天”，认为这种说法“繁饰有命以叫众愚朴之人”墨子看到这种思想对人的创造力的消磨与损伤，所以提出非命。他还主张从天子、诸侯国君到各级正长，都要“选择天下之贤可者 ”来充当； 而人民与天子国君，则都要服从天志，发扬兼爱，实行义政，否则，就是非法的，这就是“ 一同天下之义” 。

Mozi thought that the death, rich and poor, the safety of the world, and revolution governance were not determined by the 'destiny'; as long as making efforts, the objectives of the rich, noble, safe and govern can be achieved. Mozi opposed to that 'life and death are decreed by fate, wealth and rank are matters of destiny' proposed by the Confucianism, thought that 'such idea was false to fool people'; Mozi saw such thought killed and damaged the human creativity, so put forward no subjection to destiny. He also advocated that the sage should be selected from the world to be the emperor, feudal princes and governors at all levels; the people and the emperor must obey the will of heaven with universal love, and the 'Yi' political ideology should be implemented, otherwise, it was illegal, which was the meaning of 'unite the world as one'.

二、军事思想

2. Military thoughts

1、非攻

1. Non-offence

反对攻伐掠夺的不义之战；墨子认为只要大家“兼相爱，交相利”,社会上就没有强凌弱、贵傲贱、智诈愚和各国之间互相攻伐的现象了。他对统治者发动战争带来的祸害以及平常礼俗上的奢侈逸乐，都进行了尖锐的揭露和批判。墨子主张，以德义服天下，以兼爱来消弭祸乱。在墨子眼里，兼爱可以止攻，可以去乱。兼爱是非攻的伦理道德基础，非攻是兼爱的必然结果。

Mozi opposed to the injustice wars; Mozi thought that as long as people love each other and gain benefit from each other, there would be phenomena that the strong bullied the weak, the rich despised the poor, the intellect cheated the fool and countries attacked one another in the society. He revealed and criticized the disaster of war brought by rulers and the extravagant luxuries. Mozi argued to serve the world by virtue, and eliminate the disaster by universal love. In the eyes of Mozi, the universal love could eliminate the attack. Universal love was the ethical basis of non-offence, and non-offence was the inevitable result of the universal love.

2、救守

2. Defend

支持防守诛讨的正义之战。墨子“惟非攻，是以讲求备御之法”，从“非攻”出发，《墨子》论述了作为弱小国家如何积极防御的问题。墨子深知，光讲道理，大国君主是不会放弃战争的，因而主张“深谋备御”，以积极防御制止以大攻小的侵略战争。 墨子防御理论在中国兵学史上占有重要地位。后世有关防御原则和战术的记述，多祖述《墨子》，以至于一切牢固的防御也被笼统称为“墨守”。

It supported the battle of justice. Mozi thought 'it is not to attack, but to defend'; from the perspective of 'non-offense', 'Mozi' discussed how the weaker countries conducted active defense. Mozi knew that bringing out the facts and reasons would not persuade the sovereigns to abandon war, thus it proposed the 'prudent strategy to defend', stopped the war of aggression with active defense. Mozi’s defense theory occupied an important place in Chinese history of military science. The principles of defense and tactics were recorded in 'Mozi', so that all solid defenses were generally referred to as 'Mozi Defense'.

三、哲学思想

3. Philosophical thought

1、认识论

1. Epistemology

墨子认为，人的知识来源可分为三个方面，即闻知、说知和亲知。以 “ 耳目之实 ”的直接感觉经验为认识的唯一来源，他认为判断事物的有与无，不能凭个人的臆想，而要以大家所看到的和所听到的为依据。墨子从这一朴素唯物主义经验论出发，提出了检验认识真伪的标准，即三表：“上本之于古者圣王之事”，“下原察百姓耳目之实” ，“废（发）以为刑政 ，观其中国家百姓人民之利”。墨子把“事” 、“实”、“利”综合起来，以间接经验、直接经验和社会效果为准绳，努力排除个人的主观成见。在名实关系上，他提出“非以其名也，以其取也”的命题，主张以实正名，名副其实。

Mozi argued that the source of human knowledge could be divided into three aspects, namely the source acquired by hearing, speaking and practicing. The direct feeling from 'eyes and ears' was the only source of knowledge, and he thought the judgment could not be based on individual imagination, but what everyone saw and heard. Mozi, from the naive materialism, put forward the standard of inspecting the authenticity of knowledge, namely three aspects: 'see ancient kings’ affairs for the word', 'inspect the reality of ordinary people' and 'abolish the punishment politics to observe the people’s interests'. Mozi combined 'affairs', 'reality' and 'interest' together with the indirect and direct experience and social effect as the criterion, making efforts to eliminate personal subjective prejudices. In the relation of name and reality, he put forward the proposition that 'take what he obtains instead of his name', advocated Rectify Idea with Thing and Worthy of the Name.

2、逻辑学

2. Logic

墨子是中国古代逻辑思想体系的重要开拓者之一。墨辩和因明学、古希腊逻辑学并称世界三大逻辑学。他比较自觉地、大量地运用了逻辑推论的方法，以建立或论证自己的政治、伦理思想。他还在中国逻辑史上第一次提出了辩、类、故等逻辑概念。并要求将辩作为一种专门知识来学习。墨子的“辩”虽然统指辩论技术，但却是建立在知类（事物之类）明故（根据、理由）基础上的，因而属于逻辑类推或论证的范畴。墨子所说的“三表”既是言谈的思想标准，也包含有推理论证的因素。墨子还善于运用类推的方法揭露论敌的自相矛盾。由于墨子的倡导和启蒙，墨家养成了重逻辑的传统，并由后期墨家建立了第一个中国古代逻辑学的体系。他把思维的基本方法概括为“摹略万物之然，论求群言之比。以名举实，以辞抒意，以说出故。以类取，以类予”（“小取”）。也就是说，思维的目的是要探求客观事物间的必然联系，以及探求反映这种必然联系的形式，并用“名”（概念）、“辞”（判断）、“说”（推理）表达出来。“以类取，以类予”，相当于现代逻辑学的类比，是一种重要的推理方法。此外，墨子还总结出了假言、直言、选言、演绎、归纳等多种推理方法，从而使墨子的辩学形成为一个有条不紊、系统分明的体系，在古代世界中别树一帜，与古代希腊的逻辑学、古代印度的因明学并立。

Mozi was one of the important pioneers for the logic thinking system in ancient China. Mohist Debate, Indian logic and ancient Greece logic were the world's three largest logics. He used many logical inference methods to establish or argue about his political and ethical thoughts. He also put forward the logical concepts of debate, class and cause for the first time in the history of Chinese logic. And he demanded to learn the debate as a kind of special knowledge. Mozi's 'debate' referred to the techniques of the debate, but it was based on knowing the class (type of things) and cause (basis, reason), thus it belonged to the category of logical analogy or argument. Mozi’s 'three aspects' were not only the thought standard of conversation, but also contained the inference factors. Mozi was also good at using analogy methods to reveal the paradox of the opponent in the debate. Because of Mozi’s advocation and enlightenment, Mohism focused on the logic, and established the first logic system in ancient China. He summarized the basic ways of thinking as 'know everything in the world, debate with everyone. Explore the reality with the name, express meaning with the words, and tell stories with the speaking. Get and give equally' ('Xiao Qu'). That is to say, the purpose of thinking was to explore the inevitable relationship between objective things, reflect and explore this type of connection, and express with the 'name' (concept), 'words' (judgment), and 'speaking' (inference)'. 'Get and give equally' was equivalent to the analogy in modern logic, which was an important inference method. In addition, Mozi also summarized many inference methods, including the hypothetical, straightforward, disjunctive, deductive and inductive reasoning, so that the debate learning of Mozi formed into an orderly and distinct system, setting up a new banner in the ancient world, existing with the ancient Greece logic, and ancient Indian logic.

四、科学思想

4. Science ideology

1、提出宇宙论

1. World view

墨子认为宇宙是一个连续的整体，个体或局部都是由这个统一的整体分出来的，都是这个统一整体的组成部分。换句话说，也就是整体包含着个体，整体又是由个体所构成，整体与个体之间有着必然的有机联系。从这一连续的宇宙观出发，墨子进而建立了关于时空的理论。他把时间定名为“久”，把空间定名为“宇”，并给出了“久”和“宇”的定义，即“久”为包括古今旦暮的一切时间，“宇”为包括东西中南北的一切空间，时间和空间都是连续不间断的。他把时空元定义为“始”和“端”，“始”是时间中不可再分割的最小单位，“端”是空间中不可再分割的最小单位。这样就形成了时空是连续无穷的，这连续无穷的时空又是由最小的单元所构成，在无穷中包含着有穷，在连续中包含着不连续的时空理论。在时空理论的基础上，墨子建立了自己的运动论。他把时间、空间和物体运动统一起来，联系在一起。他认为，在连续的统一的宇宙中，物体的运动表现为在时间中的先后差异和在空间中的位置迁移。没有时间先后和位置远近的变化，也就无所谓运动，离开时空的单纯运动是不存在的。

Mozi thought the universe was a continuous whole, the individual or local were separated from the unified whole, as well as the component of this part. In other words, the whole contained the individual, and the whole was made up of individuals; there was certain organic relationship between the whole and the individual. From the perspective of the continuous-whole world view, Mozi established the theory about space and time. He named the time as 'length', the space as 'universe', and defined the 'length' and 'universe', that was, the 'length' included all the time from ancient to modern times, and 'universe' included all the space in the north and south, east and west, and the time and space were continuous and uninterrupted. He defined the space-time element as the 'beginning' and 'ending'; 'beginning' was the smallest indivisible unit of time, and 'ending' was the smallest indivisible unit of space. In this way, the time and space were infinite, and such infinite time and space were made up of the smallest unit; the infinity contained the finiteness, and the continuation contained the discontinuity. On the basis of the time-space theory, Mozi set up his own kinetic theory. He unified the time, space and movement. He thought in the continuous and united universe, the movement of objects was manifested as the time order difference in the time and position change in the space. Movement cannot exist without the time order and location change, and the pure movement without space and time did not exist.

2、数学论述

2. Mathematical discussion

墨子是中国历史上第一个从理性高度对待数学问题的科学家，他给出了一系列数学概念的命题和定义，这些命题和定义都具有高度的抽象性和严密性。墨子所给出的数学概念主要有： 关于“倍”、“同长”、“中”、“圆”、“正方形”、“直线”的定义。墨子关于圆和正方形的定义与欧几里得几何学中圆的定义完全一致。墨子还对十进位值制概念进行总结和阐述的第一个科学家。

Mozi was the scientist that treated the mathematical problems from rationality in the history of China; he proposed a series of mathematical propositions and definition with high abstraction and rigor. Mozi's mathematical concepts mainly included: The definition of the 'times', 'same length', 'center', 'circle', 'square' and 'line'. Mozi's definition of the round and square was exactly the same as that of Euclidean geometry. Mozi was also the first scientist to summarize and explain the decimal and positional number system.

3、物理学研究

3. Physical research

墨子关于物理学的研究涉及到力学、光学、声学等分支，给出了不少物理学概念的定义，并有不少重大的发现，总结出了一些重要的物理学定理。给出了力、“动”与“止”的定义，对杠杆定理也作出了精辟的表述，探讨了光与影的关系，进行了小孔成像的实验，对平面镜、凹面镜、凸面镜等进行了相当系统的研究，得出了几何光学的一系列基本原理。墨子还对声音的传播进行过研究，发现井和罂有放大声音的作用，并加以巧妙地利用。他曾教导学生说，在守城时，为了预防敌人挖地道攻城，每隔三十尺挖一井，置大罂于井中，罂口绷上薄牛皮，让听力好的人伏在罂上进行侦听，以监知敌方是否在挖地道，地道挖于何方，而作好御敌的准备。

Mozi’s research on the physics involved the mechanics, optics, acoustics, etc, providing a lot of definitions of the physical concepts and many important discoveries with some important physical theorems. It defined the force, 'dynamic' and 'stop', also explained the lever rule, discussed the relationship between light and shadow, conducted the small aperture imaging experiment, and studied the plane mirror, concave mirror, convex mirror and so on, obtaining a series of basic principles of geometrical optics. Mozi also researched the transmission of sound, found that the well and jar could amplify the sound, and applied skillfully. He taught students that when guarding the city, in order to prevent the enemy from tunneling, dug a hole every 30 feet, put a big jar in it with thin cowhide in the mouth, and let people with good hearing monitor to know whether the enemy was tunneling, and where the tunnels were.[21]

4、机械制造方面

4. Machine manufacturing

墨子精通手工技艺，可与当时的巧匠公输班相比。墨子擅长防守城池，在止楚攻宋时与公输般进行的攻防演练中，已充分地体现了他在这方面的才能和造诣。他曾花费了3年的时间，精心研制出一种能够飞行的木鸟（风筝、纸鸢），成为我国古代风筝的创始人。他又是一个制造车辆的能手，可以在不到一日的时间内造出载重30石的车子。他所造的车子运行迅速又省力，且经久耐用，为当时的人们所赞赏。墨子几乎谙熟当时各种兵器、机械和工程建筑的制造技术，并有不少创造。在《墨子》一书中的“备城门”、“备水”、“备穴”、“备蛾”、“迎敌祠”、“杂守”等篇中，他详细地介绍和阐述了城门的悬门结构，城门和城内外各种防御设施的构造，弩、桔槔和各种攻守器械的制造工艺，以及水道和地道的构筑技术。他所论及的这些器械和设施，对后世的军事活动有着很大的影响。

Mozi mastered the manual skill as well as the clever artisan, Gongshuban. Mozi was good at defending the city; in the attack and defense exercise with Gongshuban in order to stop Chu State from attacking Song State, his talents and achievements in this respect have been fully reflected. He used to spend three years to carefully develop a wooden bird that could fly (kite, paper eagle), becoming the founder of kite in ancient China. He also did well in making vehicles, could make a vehicle carrying 10-dan loading within one day. The vehicle ran quickly with less effort, and durable, highly appreciated by people at that time. Mozi was almost familiar with the manufacturing technology of various weapons, mechanical and engineering construction and he invented many things. In 'Beichengmen' 'Beishui', 'Beixue', 'Beie', 'Yingdisi' and 'Zashou' of 'Mozi', he introduced the hanging structure in detail, the structure of gate, and the defense facilities inside and outside the city, manufacturing technique of crossbows, shadoof and various military equipment as well as the construction technology of channel and the tunnel. The equipment and facilities had a great influence on the military activities in the future.

五、教育思想

5. Educational thought

墨子的教育思想是“艰苦实践、服从纪律”，并且提出“兴天下之利，除天下之害”的教育目的。

Mozi's education thought was 'hard practice, obey the discipline', and proposed the purpose of education that 'benefit the world, and eliminate the evil'.